NECO 2025 HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
NECO 2025 HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS BELOW
*NECO HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY*
*NUMBER ONE*
(1a)
Population refers to the total number of people living in a particular geographical area at a specific time. It includes all individuals regardless of age, gender, or status.
(1bi)
Size: Population size refers to the total number of people in a country or region. It indicates how large or small a population is and is usually determined through a census. The size affects the demand for goods, services, resources, and infrastructure in an area. A large population may mean a large labor force and market, while a small population may limit economic growth.
(1bii)
Density: Population density is the number of people living per unit area, typically per square kilometer or mile. It is calculated by dividing the population size by the land area. High population density may lead to overcrowding, pressure on social amenities, and environmental degradation, while low density may indicate under-utilization of resources and services.
(1biii)
Quality: Population quality refers to the characteristics that determine how productive or effective the population is. It includes aspects such as health, education, skills, and general well-being of the people. A high-quality population contributes positively to the development of a nation through a skilled and healthy workforce.
(1c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Level of education
(ii) Availability of healthcare services
(iii) Nutrition and feeding
(iv) Housing and living conditions
(v) Employment opportunities
(vi) Environmental sanitation and hygiene
*NECO 2025 HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY*
*NUMBER TWO*
(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Zuma Rock
(ii) Gurara Waterfalls
(iii) Farin Ruwa Falls
(iv) Assop Falls
(v) Jos Wildlife Park
(vi) National Museum, Jos
(vii) Mount Patti
(viii) Lord Lugard’s Residence
(2b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Source of Revenue Generation: Tourism is a major contributor to national income. It brings in foreign exchange from international tourists who spend on accommodation, transportation, food, and souvenirs. Local governments also earn through taxes, entry fees, and levies on tourism-related services. This revenue can be reinvested into other sectors like health, education, and infrastructure.
(ii) Employment Opportunities: Tourism creates direct and indirect jobs for the population. Direct employment can be found in hotels, travel agencies, tour operations, and museums. Indirectly, people also earn income by producing and selling crafts, providing transport services, and supplying food. This reduces the unemployment rate and improves the standard of living.
(iii) Infrastructure Development: To attract and accommodate tourists, governments and private investors often improve infrastructure such as roads, airports, hotels, communication networks, and recreational facilities. These developments do not only benefit tourists but also enhance the quality of life for the local population and open up remote areas to more opportunities.
(iv) Cultural Preservation and Awareness: Tourism encourages the preservation of a nation’s culture and heritage. Traditional festivals, historical sites, monuments, and artifacts are maintained and promoted as tourist attractions. This also helps to educate both locals and foreigners about the cultural history, customs, and values of different communities, thereby fostering national pride and identity.
(v) Foreign Investment Attraction: A vibrant tourism industry can attract foreign investors who may be interested in building hotels, resorts, transportation networks, and entertainment centers. These investments not only boost economic growth but also lead to technology transfer and skill development among locals, thereby stimulating other sectors of the economy.
(vi) Promotion of International Peace and Diplomacy: Tourism serves as a means of cultural exchange, allowing people from different countries to interact and understand each other’s ways of life. This promotes tolerance, mutual respect, and global peace. It also strengthens diplomatic ties and fosters cooperation between countries, especially those that share tourism interests.
(2c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Improvement of security in tourist areas
(ii) Development of infrastructure (roads, power, water)
(iii) Promotion and marketing of tourist sites locally and internationally
(iv) Enacting favorable tourism policies and regulations
(v) Training and capacity building for tourism professionals
(vi) Encouraging private sector investment in the tourism industry
*NECO HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY*
*NUMBER THREE*
(3a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Availability of Raw Materials: Pittsburgh is located close to rich deposits of coal and iron ore, which are essential raw materials for the steel industry. The proximity to these natural resources greatly reduced production costs and boosted industrial growth, especially in steel manufacturing.
(ii) Excellent Transportation Network: The city is well-connected by railroads, rivers (like the Ohio River), and highways, which makes it easy to transport raw materials to factories and finished products to markets. This accessibility played a key role in attracting industries to the region.
(iii) Skilled Labour Force: Pittsburgh has a large population of experienced and skilled industrial workers. Over time, generations of workers have been trained and employed in industrial activities, especially in steel production, making labour readily available and reliable.
(iv) Market Availability: The industrial region has access to large markets in cities like New York, Chicago, and other parts of the U.S. These markets provide steady demand for steel and manufactured goods, encouraging production and industrial expansion.
(v) Availability of Capital and Investment: There is an abundance of capital from banks and private investors in Pittsburgh and nearby financial centres. This access to finance supports the establishment and expansion of industries through the purchase of machinery, building of factories, and hiring of labour.
(vi) Government Support and Policy: The government of the United States has provided consistent support through favorable industrial policies, infrastructural development, tax incentives, and protectionist measures. This has encouraged the continuous growth of the Pittsburgh industrial region over the decades.
(3b)
=ADVANTAGES=
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Economies of Scale: Concentration of industries leads to mass production, reducing production costs.
(ii) Easy Access to Skilled Labour: Workers with specialized skills are easily attracted to regions with many similar industries.
(iii) Efficient Use of Infrastructure: Industries share transportation, power, water, and other facilities, reducing overhead costs.
(iv) Growth of Supporting Services: Banks, insurance firms, and repair services thrive in localized industrial zones.
(v) Knowledge and Technology Sharing: Proximity allows companies to learn from one another and innovate more rapidly.
(vi) Boost to Regional Development: Localisation often transforms regions into economic hubs, boosting regional development.
=DISADVANTAGES=
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Environmental Pollution: Concentration of industries often leads to air, water, and land pollution.
(ii) Overcrowding: Population and traffic congestion can occur in localized areas, causing urban problems.
(iii) Resource Depletion: Continuous industrial use may exhaust local natural resources.
(iv) Risk of Regional Decline: If demand falls or raw materials run out, the region may suffer economically.
(v) Labour Exploitation: High competition may lead to poor working conditions and low wages.
(vi) High Cost of Living: Localisation may push up the cost of housing and essential services in industrial areas.
*NECO HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY*
*NUMBER FOUR*
(4a)
(4b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Many trees have broad leaves to absorb maximum sunlight for photosynthesis in the humid climate.
(ii) Some trees develop thick barks to protect against excessive heat and insect attacks.
(iii) Trees have deep roots to reach underground water during dry periods.
(iv) Trees often have drip-tip leaves to allow rainwater to flow off easily and prevent fungal growth.
(v) Some plants develop buttress roots to provide stability in the soft, wet forest soil.
(4c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Deforestation: One of the most serious threats to forest vegetation is deforestation, which is the large-scale cutting down of trees. This is often done for timber, agriculture, urban development, and fuel. When forests are cleared and not replaced, the natural habitat is destroyed, and the ability of the forest to regenerate is lost, leading to long-term environmental degradation.
(ii) Bush Burning: In many parts of Nigeria, especially rural areas, bush burning is a common practice used for hunting or clearing land for farming. These fires can easily spread beyond control, destroying large areas of forest, killing young trees, and leaving the soil exposed to erosion and nutrient loss.
(iii) Urbanization and Industrialization: As cities expand and industries develop, forests are often cleared to make room for roads, houses, factories, and other infrastructure. This rapid development reduces the size of natural forests and interrupts the balance of ecosystems, making it difficult for vegetation to thrive.
(iv) Overgrazing by Livestock: In savanna areas, excessive grazing by cattle, goats, and sheep can damage young trees and seedlings. Continuous overgrazing prevents new plants from growing and compacts the soil, which further hinders forest regeneration and reduces vegetation cover.
(v) Unsustainable Farming Practices: Farming techniques like slash-and-burn, shifting cultivation, and over-cultivation deplete the soil of nutrients and destroy vegetation. These practices make it hard for forests to recover after being cleared, especially when farmers do not allow the land to fallow or regenerate naturally.
(vi) Climate Change: Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, caused by global warming, directly affect forest growth. Irregular rainfall can cause droughts that weaken trees and reduce plant diversity. Rising temperatures can also lead to the migration of plant species and the disappearance of those that cannot adapt.
*NECO HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY*
*NUMBER FIVE*
(5ai)
=North West=
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Kano
(ii) Kaduna
(iii) Sokoto
(iv) Katsina
(v) Zaria
(5aii)
=South East=
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Onitsha
(ii) Aba
(iii) Enugu
(iv) Awka
(v) Nnewi
(5aiii)
=South West=
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Lagos
(ii) Ibadan
(iii) Abeokuta
(iv) Akure
(v) Oshogbo
(5aiv)
=South South=
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Port Harcourt
(ii) Warri
(iii) Calabar
(iv) Uyo
(v) Benin City
(5b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) They facilitate the buying and selling of goods and services.
(ii) They provide employment opportunities for millions of Nigerians.
(iii) They generate revenue for the government through taxes and levies.
(iv) They promote industrial and manufacturing activities.
(v) They attract both local and foreign investments.
(vi) They serve as hubs for transportation and distribution of goods.
(vii) They encourage the development of infrastructure such as roads, markets, and banks.
(viii) They promote regional and international trade and economic integration.
(5c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
Strategic location (e.g., near rivers, borders, or coastlines)
(ii) Availability of transport networks (roads, rail, seaports, airports)
(iii) Presence of natural resources and raw materials
(iv) Large population and market size
(v) Political and administrative importance
(vi) Industrial and economic activities
(vii) Availability of capital and financial institutions
(viii) Government policies and support for trade and commerce
(5d)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Traffic congestion and poor road conditions
(ii) High cost of living and housing shortages
(iii) Environmental pollution (air, water, noise, and waste)
(iv) Insecurity and rise in crime rates
(v) Poor urban planning and overcrowding
(vi) Inadequate public services such as electricity, water, and waste management
*NECO HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY*
*NUMBER SIX*
(6a)
A cottage industry is a small-scale, home-based manufacturing activity typically operated by individuals or families using local raw materials and simple tools. These industries usually require low capital, involve manual labor, and produce goods for local or limited markets.
(6bi)
(i) Textile Cottage Industry: This involves the small-scale production of cloth materials such as weaving traditional fabrics like Aso-Oke, Adire, and Ankara in people’s homes using simple local equipment. Family members participate in spinning, dyeing, and weaving activities. The finished textiles are supplied to local markets and used for making clothes, generating income for the family.
(ii) Craft Cottage Industry: This type of cottage industry involves the production of various handicrafts such as pottery, basket weaving, wood carving, and bead making within homes using locally sourced raw materials and simple tools. Family members are involved in the process, and the finished products are sold in local markets, providing income and preserving cultural heritage in communities.
(6bii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) They are operated on a small scale.
(ii) They are usually home-based or located in small workshops.
(iii) They make use of local raw materials.
(iv) They require little capital to start and run.
(v) Labor is mostly provided by family members or locals.
(vi) They use simple or traditional tools and equipment.
(vii) They have low output and limited production capacity.
(viii) Their products are often handmade or semi-finished.
(6c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Availability of Raw Materials: Many rural areas have abundant natural resources such as agricultural products, clay, wood, and minerals, which serve as raw materials for cottage and small-scale industries.
(ii) Cheap Labor: Labor in rural areas is relatively cheap due to the high level of unemployment and low cost of living. This reduces the overall cost of production.
(iii) Proximity to Source of Raw Materials: Locating industries near the raw material source helps reduce transportation costs and minimizes delays in the supply of inputs.
(iv) Low Cost of Land and Operation: Land and other operational costs like rent, water, and electricity are generally cheaper in rural areas compared to urban centers, making it more economical to operate.