JUPEB 2024 AGRIC QUESTIONS

JUPEB 2024 AGRIC QUESTIONS BELOW

JUPEB 2024 AGRIC SOLUTION below

### AGR 001: Agronomy and Crop Production

*1a. (i) Define the term pest.*
A pest is any organism that causes damage to crops, livestock, or human health. In agriculture, pests can include insects, weeds, fungi, and other organisms that reduce the quality or yield of crops.

*(ii) State two types of mouthparts possessed by insect pests and one example each.*
1. *Chewing mouthparts:* Insects with this type of mouthpart include beetles and grasshoppers.
2. *Piercing-sucking mouthparts:* Insects like aphids and mosquitoes possess these mouthparts.

*(iii) Highlight two effects of insect pests on crop plants and two methods of control.*
1. *Effects:*
– *Reduced yield:* Insect pests can feed on crop plants, reducing the overall yield.
– *Disease transmission:* Some insect pests act as vectors, transmitting diseases to plants.
2. *Methods of Control:*
– *Chemical control:* Using pesticides to kill or repel pests.
– *Biological control:* Introducing natural predators or parasites to control pest populations.

*(b) Draw and label a diagram of maize weevil and state its scientific name.*
The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is a common pest of stored maize. (Note: You would need to draw the diagram and label it as per the instructions.)

JUPEB 2024 AGRIC QUESTIONS

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*2a. (i) Define the term weed.*
A weed is any plant that grows where it is not wanted, often competing with cultivated crops for nutrients, water, and space.

*(ii) Explain two methods of weed dispersal in agriculture.*
1. *Wind dispersal:* Seeds are carried by the wind to new locations, where they germinate and grow.
2. *Water dispersal:* Seeds are transported by water, such as in rivers or floods, to new areas.

JUPEB 2024 AGRIC QUESTIONS

*(b) Explain elaborately the chemical method of weeds control.*
Chemical weed control involves the use of herbicides to eliminate unwanted plants (weeds). Herbicides can be selective (targeting specific weeds) or non-selective (killing all vegetation). They are applied in different forms, such as pre-emergent or post-emergent, depending on the stage of weed growth. Proper application and dosage are crucial to prevent harm to crops and the environment.

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### AGR 002: Animal Science and Production

*3a. Differentiate between the following:*

(i) *Testosterone and oestrogen.*
– *Testosterone:* A hormone primarily produced in the testes in males, responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive tissues.
– *Oestrogen:* A hormone primarily produced in the ovaries in females, responsible for regulating the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics.

(ii) *Progesterone and oxytocin.*
– *Progesterone:* A hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis.
– *Oxytocin:* A hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

(iii) *Relaxin and placental hormones.*
– *Relaxin:* A hormone that relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis and softens the cervix in preparation for childbirth.
– *Placental hormones:* Hormones produced by the placenta during pregnancy, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which supports pregnancy.

*(b) Draw and label the urogenital system of a male rabbit.*
(Note: You will need to draw the diagram and label parts like the testes, penis, vas deferens, etc.)

—JUPEB 2024 AGRIC QUESTIONS

*4 (a) In an incubator, 1,500 eggs were arranged on the trays for incubation. During candling, 185 eggs were found to be unfertilized. At hatching, 644 were females and the remainder were males. Calculate the percentage of:*

(i) *Unfertilized eggs:*
\[ \text{Percentage of unfertilized eggs} = \frac{185}{1500} \times 100 \approx 12.33\% \]

(ii) *Fertilized eggs:*
\[ \text{Percentage of fertilized eggs} = \frac{1500 – 185}{1500} \times 100 \approx 87.67\% \]

(iii) *Male chicks:*
Total chicks hatched = \( 644 + \text{Male chicks} \)
Let the number of male chicks be \( x \).
So, \( x + 644 = 1315 \), \( x = 671 \).
\[ \text{Percentage of male chicks} = \frac{671}{1315} \times 100 \approx 51.03\% \]

(iv) *Female chicks:*
\[ \text{Percentage of female chicks} = \frac{644}{1315} \times 100 \approx 48.97\% \]

*(b) Explain briefly the roles of the following in poultry production:*

(i) *Temperature:*
Temperature control is crucial in poultry production as it affects the growth, health, and productivity of birds. Proper temperature ensures optimal metabolic processes and prevents heat stress or hypothermia.

(ii) *Relative humidity:*
Relative humidity affects the comfort of poultry and the quality of the air they breathe. Proper humidity levels prevent respiratory issues and ensure the health of the flock, particularly in young chicks.

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### AGR 003: Wildlife, Aquaculture, and Agro-forestry

*5 (a) Define the term desertification.*
Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

*(b) State four factors that can lead to desertification.*
1. Overgrazing
2. Deforestation
3. Unsustainable farming practices
4. Climate change

*(c) Enumerate four damaging effects of desertification.*
1. Loss of arable land
2. Reduced water availability
3. Increased frequency of dust storms
4. Decline in biodiversity

*(d) List four systems of agroforestry.*
1. Alley cropping
2. Silvopasture
3. Windbreaks
4. Forest farming

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*6 (a) Explain four methods of harvesting fish.*
1. *Hand picking:* Simple and traditional method used in shallow waters.
2. *Trapping:* Using traps to catch fish in rivers or lakes.
3. *Netting:* Using nets like seine or gill nets to catch fish.
4. *Spearing:* Catching fish using a spear in shallow waters or from boats.

*(b) Define the term Fishery regulation.*
Fishery regulation refers to the rules and laws set by authorities to manage and protect fishery resources, ensuring sustainable fishing practices.

*(c) Explain four fishery regulations in Nigeria.*
1. Licensing of fishing vessels
2. Prohibition of fishing during breeding seasons
3. Size limits for caught fish
4. Banning of harmful fishing methods (e.g., use of explosives)

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### AGR 004: Agricultural Economics/Extension

*7a (i) Explain four channels of marketing farm produce.*
1. *Direct selling:* Farmers sell directly to consumers.
2. *Wholesale markets:* Farmers sell in bulk to wholesalers who distribute to retailers.
3. *Cooperatives:* Farmers form cooperatives to market their produce collectively.
4. *Retailers:* Selling through grocery stores, supermarkets, and local markets.

*(ii) State two functions of agricultural marketing.*
1. Ensuring the distribution of agricultural products to consumers.
2. Price stabilization and ensuring fair prices for farmers and consumers.

*(b) State two advantages and two disadvantages of cooperative society.*
*Advantages:*
1. Collective bargaining power
2. Access to shared resources and support
*Disadvantages:*
1. Decision-making can be slow
2. Potential for conflict among members

*(ii) Mention two problems of agricultural marketing.*
1. Lack of infrastructure (e.g., roads, storage facilities)
2. Price fluctuations due to market instability

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*8a. (i) Define the term agricultural extension.*
Agricultural extension refers to the services provided to farmers that include education, technology transfer, and support to improve agricultural productivity.

*(ii) Mention two qualities of a good extension worker.*
1. Effective communication skills
2. Knowledgeable in modern farming practices

*(iii) State four functions of agricultural extension.*
1. Educating farmers on best practices
2. Promoting the adoption of new technologies
3. Providing feedback to research institutions
4. Assisting in problem-solving on farms

*(b) Explain the roles of mass media on agricultural development in Nigeria.*
Mass media play a crucial role in disseminating information about new agricultural technologies, government policies, and market prices to farmers. It helps in creating awareness and educating farmers on various agricultural issues.

*(ii) What are the three factors affecting the rate of adoption of innovation in agriculture?*
1. Farmer’s awareness and education
2. The perceived benefit of the innovation
3. Availability of resources (e

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