JUPEB 2024 GOVERNMENT QUESTIONS
JUPEB 2024 GOVERNMENT QUESTIONS BELOW
JUPEB 2024 GOVERNMENT QUESTIONS
JUPEB 2024 GOVERNMENT QUESTIONS
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GOVERNMENT 2024 EXAM_REPLACEMENT MCQ & ESAY QUESTIONS
JUPEB 2024 GOVERNMENT ANSWERS BELOW
1. (a) Citizenship refers to the legal status of being a member of a particular nation or country, and it grants individuals certain rights and responsibilities within that country.
(b)
– Birth: If one or both parents are citizens, or if the individual was born on the country’s soil, they may automatically acquire citizenship.
– Naturalization: This involves a legal process where a non-citizen can apply for citizenship, typically after fulfilling certain requirements such as residing in the country for a certain period, demonstrating good moral character, and passing a citizenship test.
– Adoption: If an individual is adopted by citizens, they may acquire citizenship through the adoption process.
– Marriage: In some countries, individuals can acquire citizenship through marriage to a citizen, provided certain conditions are met.
2. (a) Legitimacy refers to the acceptance of a governing body or political system by the people it governs.
JUPEB 2024 GOVERNMENT QUESTIONS
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It involves the belief that the governing body has the right to rule and that its actions are in the best interests of the people.
(b)
– Consent: Legitimacy is often based on the consent of the governed. If the people feel that they have a say in how they are governed and that their voices are heard, they are more likely to consider the governing body legitimate.
– Performance: A governing body that effectively delivers public goods and services, protects individual rights, and addresses the needs of its citizens is more likely to be considered legitimate.
– Rule of Law: A government that operates under the rule of law, where laws are clearly defined, consistently applied, and accessible to all, is more likely to be considered legitimate.
– Political Competition: A political system that allows for free and fair elections, where opposition parties have a chance to win and participate in governance, is more likely to be considered legitimate.
NUMBER THREE jupeb
(i) Electoral Violence
Electoral violence, including intimidation, harassment, and physical attacks on voters, candidates, and electoral officials, is a significant barrier to free and fair elections in Nigeria. Such violence discourages voter participation, skews results in favor of those who perpetrate the violence, and undermines the legitimacy of the electoral process.
(ii) Electoral Fraud and Rigging
Electoral fraud, such as ballot stuffing, vote buying, manipulation of voter registers, and falsification of results, severely undermines the integrity of elections in Nigeria. Rigging distorts the true will of the people, leading to outcomes that do not reflect the electorate’s preferences.
(iii) Corruption and Compromised Electoral Officials
Corruption among electoral officials, where they accept bribes or are influenced by powerful politicians, compromises the neutrality and effectiveness of electoral bodies. This leads to biased administration of elections, where rules are bent or ignored in favor of certain candidates or parties, further eroding the fairness of the process.
(iv) Inadequate Electoral Infrastructure
Nigeria often faces logistical challenges during elections, such as insufficient polling stations, late arrival of election materials, and malfunctioning voting equipment. These issues can disenfranchise voters, particularly in rural areas, and create opportunities for manipulation and fraud.
(v) Political Interference and Lack of Independence:
The lack of independence of the electoral commission and other related institutions due to political interference poses a major challenge. When electoral bodies are not truly autonomous, they may be pressured to act in favor of the ruling party or powerful politicians, leading to biased electoral outcomes and a loss of public confidence in the electoral process.
NUMBER 6
1. Unification of Nigeria: The military played a crucial role in keeping Nigeria together during the Civil War (1967-1970). Their efforts ensured the country remained a single entity, despite the challenges.
2. Stability and Order: Military regimes have provided stability and order during periods of chaos and instability. For example, General Murtala Mohammed’s regime (1975-1976) ended the corruption and inefficiency of the First Republic.
3. Economic Development: Some military regimes have implemented policies that promoted economic growth and development. General Ibrahim Babangida’s regime (1985-1993) introduced the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), which liberalized the economy.
4. Infrastructure Development: Military governments have invested in infrastructure development, such as roads, bridges, and public buildings. General Sani Abacha’s regime (1993-1998) initiated several infrastructure projects.
5. Transition to Democracy: The military has facilitated transitions to democratic rule, such as General Abdulsalami Abubakar’s regime (1998-1999), which handed over power to a democratically elected government, ending 16 years of military rule.
NUMBER SEVEN
(i) indirect Rule vs. Direct Rule:
The British employed an indirect Rule system, where they governed through existing local traditional rulers and institutions. This approach allowed local chiefs and kings to retain some authority under the supervision of British officials. In contrast, the French used a Direct Rule system, which centralized power and administration in the hands of French officials. Local customs and leaders were often disregarded, and French laws and policies were directly imposed on the colonies.
(ii)Assimilation vs. Association:
The French colonial policy was initially based on Assimilation, which aimed to integrate Africans into French culture and civilization. The French believed that by adopting French language, culture, and laws, Africans could eventually become French citizens. The British, on the other hand, did not focus on cultural assimilation but instead implemented a system that preserved the distinctiveness of local cultures and institutions under Indirect Rule.
(iii) Centralized vs. Decentralized Administration:
The French colonial administration was highly centralized, with power concentrated in the hands of the governor-general in Dakar, who had authority over all French West African colonies. Decisions were made in Paris and implemented uniformly across the colonies. The British system was decentralized, with each colony having its own governor who had considerable autonomy to make decisions tailored to local conditions. This allowed for more flexibility in governance.
(iv) Legal and Educational Systems:
Under French rule, the legal and educational systems were directly modeled after those in France. French laws were applied uniformly across the colonies, and education was conducted in French, with the goal of creating a French-speaking elite. In contrast, the British maintained separate legal and educational systems for their colonies, often allowing traditional laws and customs to coexist with British laws. Education in British colonies was less centralized, with English as the medium of instruction but with more emphasis on accommodating local needs.
(v) Citizenship and Rights:
French colonial subjects were theoretically offered the chance to become French citizens if they fully assimilated, adopting French culture, language, and laws. However, in practice, very few Africans achieved this status. British colonial subjects were not offered British citizenship and were governed as subjects of the British Crown, with limited rights. The British system recognized the distinct identity of the colonies, whereas the French system sought to erase differences through assimilation.
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NUMBER 8
1. Infrastructure Development: Colonial powers built roads, railways, ports, and telegraph lines, which, although initially designed to facilitate resource extraction, later benefited African countries.
2. Introduction of New Technologies: Colonizers brought new technologies, such as electricity, water treatment, and medical advancements, which improved living standards.
3. Education and Literacy: Colonial powers established schools and introduced Western education, increasing literacy rates and access to knowledge.
4. Unification and Borders: Colonialism created borders, which, although often arbitrary, helped unify diverse ethnic groups and create modern nation-states.
5. Global Connectivity: Colonialism connected Africa to the global economy, facilitating international trade and cultural exchange.
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