WAEC GCE 2023 GOVERNMENT ANSWERS
GOVERNMENT OBJ:
01-10: BDACBBABAC
11-20: DCBACBCCAA
21-30: AADABAAADB
31-40: ABBBBBCDAC
41-50: CDBDDACCBD
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WAEC GCE 2023 GOVERNMENT THEORY ANSWERS
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THEORY ANSWERS
INSTRUCTIONS:
SECTION A (Answer Two Questions Only)
(1)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Representation: A multi-party system ensures that various social, economic, and cultural groups have the opportunity to be represented in government. It allows for a broader range of perspectives and interests to be heard and considered, enhancing inclusivity.
(ii) Accountability: Multiple parties provide a system of checks and balances, as different parties can hold each other accountable. Opposition parties play a crucial role in questioning and scrutinizing the ruling party’s policies and actions, promoting transparency, and reducing the risk of corruption.
(iii) Policy development: With multiple parties, there is a greater diversity of policy proposals and ideas. This diversity encourages constructive debates and discussions, leading to the development of more comprehensive and well-thought-out policies that address a broader range of societal needs.
(iv) Competition: The presence of multiple parties fosters healthy competition among politicians. In order to win elections, parties must appeal to a wider range of voters, which can incentivize them to focus on the needs and concerns of the people. Competition encourages parties to constantly improve their policies and performance.
(v) Flexibility: A multi-party system allows for more flexibility in responding to changing societal needs. As different parties hold diverse views on various issues, governments can adapt to new challenges, societal changes, and emerging priorities more effectively.
(vi) Participation and engagement: With a larger number of parties, citizens are more likely to find a party that aligns with their values and beliefs, leading to increased political engagement. This engagement fosters a vibrant political culture and encourages citizens to actively participate in democratic processes, such as voting and joining political parties.
(vii) Coalition Governments: In multi-party systems, coalitions are often necessary to form a government. Coalition governments require parties to negotiate and build consensus on policies, fostering cooperation and compromise. This collaborative approach can result in more stable and inclusive governance.
(viii) Minority Representation: Increasing the number of parties can lead to better representation of minorities and marginalized communities. Smaller parties advocating for specific issues or representing specific communities can gain a voice and influence in the political arena, promoting equality and inclusivity.
(ix) Evolution of Ideas: Multiple parties can contribute to the evolution of political ideologies and public policies. By presenting different ideological perspectives, parties can challenge conventional views, stimulate debate, and drive the development of innovative solutions to societal challenges.
(x) Balanced Power Distribution: In a multi-party system, power is distributed among multiple parties, reducing the risk of concentration and abuse of power. This distribution ensures that decisions are made collectively and in the best interest of the broader public, preventing the dominance of a single party or individual.
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(2)
(CHOOSE ANY FIVE)
(i)Establishing Fundamental Principles: Constitutions outline the foundational principles and values that govern a state. These principles provide a framework for decision-making, ensuring that governance aligns with core values such as democracy, justice, and human rights.
(ii)Defining Structure of Government: Constitutions specify the structure of government, including the division of powers among different branches (executive, legislative, and judicial). This separation of powers helps prevent the abuse of authority and fosters a system of checks and balances.
(iii)Protecting Individual Rights: Constitutions often include a Bill of Rights or similar provisions that protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. This protection ensures that citizens are shielded from arbitrary government actions, contributing to social stability and justice.
(iv)Establishing Legal Framework: Constitutions provide the legal foundation for the state. They define the legal system, establish the rule of law, and set procedures for enacting and enforcing laws. This legal framework ensures consistency and predictability in governance.
(v)Prescribing Processes for Governance: Constitutions outline the processes for decision-making, elections, and governance. By establishing clear procedures for selecting leaders, passing laws, and resolving disputes, constitutions contribute to the smooth functioning of the government and help prevent political crises.
(vi)Enabling Adaptability: Constitutions often include mechanisms for amendment or revision, allowing the legal framework to adapt to changing circumstances. This adaptability is crucial for addressing evolving societal needs and ensuring the constitution remains relevant over time.
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(3)
(CHOOSE FIVE ONLY)
(i) Representation: Legislators should act as a voice for their constituents, accurately representing their interests and concerns. This requires actively listening to constituents, attending community events, and engaging in dialogue to understand their needs and priorities.
(ii) Transparency: Legislators should maintain a high level of transparency in their work. This includes regular communication with constituents, providing updates on legislative actions, and explaining their positions and decisions.
(iii) Accessibility: Accessibility is key to effective representation. Legislators should be approachable and easily accessible to the public, either through regular office hours, town hall meetings, or online platforms. This ensures that constituents can voice their concerns and seek assistance when needed.
(iv) Advocacy: Legislators should advocate for their constituents’ interests at all levels of government. This involves introducing and supporting legislation relevant to their needs, engaging in committee work, and influencing policy decisions to empower and protect their constituents.
(v) Constituent Services: Legislators should provide effective and timely constituent services. This includes assisting with issues related to government services, providing resources for navigating bureaucracy, and offering support to individuals facing challenges in healthcare, education, or other areas.
(vi) Collaboration: Legislators should seek collaboration and build coalitions, both within their own party and across party lines. By working together, legislators can achieve better outcomes for their constituents and find common ground on important issues.
(vii) Accountability: Legislators should be accountable to their constituents by keeping their promises, fulfilling their commitments, and taking responsibility for their actions. This includes regularly updating constituents on their legislative efforts and being open to feedback and constructive criticism.
(viii) Engaging in Community Development: Legislators should actively contribute to the development and well-being of their constituent communities. This may involve supporting local initiatives, addressing community concerns through legislation, and fostering economic growth and opportunities for constituents.
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(5)
(i) Voting and Holding Leaders Accountable: Vote in elections and make sure leaders do what they promise.
(ii) Supporting Education: Help with schools and learning so everyone can get smarter and have better jobs.
(iii) Starting Businesses and New Ideas: Make new businesses and cool stuff that helps make more jobs and money.
(iv) Helping in the Community: Spend time helping out in your neighborhood for better streets and happier people.
(v) Being Fair and United: Speak up for fairness and make sure everyone gets along, no matter where they’re from or what they believe in.
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SECTION B
INSTRUCTIONS: (Answer Any Two Questions From This Section.)
(6)
(i) Preserving cultural heritage: Chiefs and traditional authorities serve as custodians of cultural heritage and traditional practices. Integrating them into democratic governance ensures that their knowledge and expertise in preserving culture is recognized and utilized. This helps in safeguarding Nigeria’s unique cultural identity in the face of modernization or externally imposed changes.
(ii) Enhancing legitimacy: Many local communities in Nigeria have strong attachment and respect for their traditional leaders. By incorporating chiefs and traditional authorities into democratic governance, it provides a sense of legitimacy to the local government structure. This can help in garnering support and trust from the local population, thereby reinforcing the democratic process at the grassroots level.
(iii) Promoting inclusivity: Traditional authorities often have a more direct connection to and understanding of the needs and problems of theirs communities. Including them in the decision-making processes ensures that the voices of marginalized or underrepresented groups are heard and considered. Chiefs can bridge the gap between local communities and the central government, bringing relevant local perspectives into policymaking.
(iv) Conflict resolution: Chiefs and traditional authorities are often skilled in conflict resolution due to their intimate knowledge of local dynamics. Their inclusion in democratic governance can contribute to peaceful resolution of disputes within communities, as they possess traditional mechanisms and cultural practices that have proven effective in resolving conflicts over time. This can promote stability and social cohesion at the community level.
(v) Strengthening accountability: Integrating traditional authorities into democratic governance can help strengthen accountability mechanisms by creating checks and balances. Chiefs can act as intermediaries between the government and the local community, ensuring that the needs of the people are met and that government policies are implemented effectively. They can serve as watchdogs to hold elected officials accountable and prevent corruption and abuse of power at the local level.
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(7a)
(CHOOSE ANY FIVE)
(i) Diversion of Resources: Political conflicts in Nigeria often lead to the diversion of essential resources away from development projects. Funds that could be allocated for infrastructure, education, and healthcare may be redirected to address immediate political concerns or security issues.
(ii) Instability and Uncertainty: Political conflicts create an atmosphere of instability and uncertainty, deterring foreign investments and hindering economic growth. Investors are hesitant to commit resources in an environment characterized by political unrest and unpredictability.
(iii) Impaired Governance: Ongoing political conflicts can result in weakened governance structures. Decision-making processes may be hindered, and the ability to implement and enforce policies for sustainable development may be compromised.
(iv) Social Disruption: Political conflicts often spill over into social unrest, disrupting communities and hindering social development. Displacement of populations, breakdown of social services, and increased crime rates are common consequences, impeding overall societal progress.
(v) Corruption: Political conflicts can exacerbate Corruption as individuals may exploit the chaotic environment for personal gain. Corruption diverts public resources away from developmental initiatives and undermines the effectiveness of public institutions.
(vi) Ethnic and Religious Tensions: Nigeria’s diverse population can experience heightened tensions during political conflicts, leading to ethnic or religious divisions. Such divisions hinder social cohesion and can divert attention and resources away from collaborative national development efforts.
(vii) Infrastructure Decay: Political conflicts may result in neglect and deterioration of infrastructure. Maintenance and development projects are often put on hold, leading to crumbling roads, inadequate power supply, and a lack of basic amenities that are crucial for overall development.
(viii) Brain Drain: Persistent political conflicts may drive skilled professionals and intellectuals out of the country in search of more stable environments. This brain drain deprives Nigeria of the expertise needed for sustainable development.
(ix) Educational Disruptions: Political conflicts can disrupt educational systems, affecting the quality and accessibility of education. Disruptions in schooling impede the development of a skilled workforce necessary for economic and social progress.
(x) Humanitarian Crises: Intensified political conflicts can lead to humanitarian crises, with displaced populations requiring urgent assistance. Humanitarian efforts divert resources from developmental projects, prolonging the cycle of underdevelopment.
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(8)
(i) Political interests and power dynamics: One factor that hampers the efforts of the United Nations (UN) in averting conflicts among member states is the presence of political interests and power dynamics. Member states often prioritize their own national interests over collective solutions, making it difficult for the UN to secure consensus and implement effective actions. This can result in delays or inadequate responses to conflicts.
(ii) Lack of enforcement mechanisms: Another factor that hampers the UN’s efforts is the lack of robust enforcement mechanisms. Although the UN has the authority to impose sanctions or use force under certain circumstances, the Security Council’s decision-making process can be hindered by veto power held by its five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States). This can impede the timely and effective implementation of measures to avert conflicts.
(iii) Limited resources and funding: The UN’s efforts to avert conflicts can also be hampered by limited resources and funding. The organization relies on voluntary contributions from member states, which can be inconsistent and insufficient. As a result, the UN may face challenges in deploying peacekeeping missions, conducting mediation efforts, or providing humanitarian aid in conflict areas.
(iv) Divergent national interests and ideologies: Divergent national interests and ideologies among member states can create obstacles to conflict resolution. Conflicting viewpoints can lead to deadlock in negotiations and hinder collective actions. Additionally, differing ideological positions can make it difficult to find common ground on sensitive issues, especially when international norms and values are at stake.
(v) Lack of trust and credibility: The UN’s efforts can be hindered by a lack of trust and credibility among member states. If member states perceive bias, favoritism, or lack of neutrality in the UN’s actions, they may be less willing to cooperate or accept the organization’s interventions. This lack of trust can undermine the UN’s credibility and hinder its ability to prevent conflicts among member states.
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(9)
(CHOOSE ANY FIVE)
(i) Unity in Diversity: Federalism in Nigeria accommodates the country’s diverse ethnic, linguistic, and cultural groups. It allows for the coexistence of different states and regions with varying identities and interests under a central government.
(ii) Power Distribution: Federalism distributes powers between the central government and the constituent states. This helps prevent the concentration of power in one entity, fostering a system of checks and balances.
(iii) Local Autonomy: Each state within the federal structure has a degree of autonomy. This autonomy allows states to address local issues, make decisions that suit their specific needs, and promote regional development.
(iv) Conflict Resolution: Federalism provides a mechanism for conflict resolution between the central government and individual states. States can negotiate and address grievances within the federal framework, promoting stability and reducing the likelihood of secessionist movements.
(v) Resource Management: Nigeria’s federal system allows states to manage and benefit from their own resources. This can contribute to economic development, as states can capitalize on their unique strengths and resources.
(vi) Cultural Preservation: States within a federal system can preserve and promote their cultural heritage. This ensures that diverse cultural identities are recognized and respected, contributing to national unity.
(vii) Responsive Governance: Federalism facilitates responsive governance by allowing states to tailor policies to their local needs. This flexibility enhances the effectiveness of governance at both the federal and state levels.
(viii) National Integration: Despite regional differences, federalism can be a tool for national integration. It encourages collaboration and coordination between states and the central government for the overall development and well-being of the nation.
(ix) Economic Development: By decentralizing economic decision-making, federalism can contribute to balanced economic development across regions. States can implement policies that stimulate economic growth based on their unique economic circumstances.
(x) Democratic Governance: Federalism supports democratic governance by dispersing power. It allows citizens to participate in decision-making at both the federal and state levels, fostering a sense of inclusivity and civic engagement critical for a sovereign state’s stability.
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(10)
(i) Economic Advancement: Embracing interdependence among states allows Nigeria to tap into a broader array of resources, markets, and investment opportunities, catalyzing economic growth through diversified trade and investment avenues.
(ii) Political Harmony and Security: Commitment to interdependence fosters regional stability by nurturing mutual diplomatic relations and cooperative security arrangements, consequently reducing the likelihood of conflicts and bolstering collective security efforts.
(iii) Cultural and Intellectual Exchange: Embracing interdependence facilitates cultural exchange and intellectual dialogue, enriching Nigeria’s social fabric with diverse perspectives, fostering social tolerance, and nurturing an environment conducive to innovation and creativity.
(iv) Technological Progress: Collaborative efforts with other states enable Nigeria to access new technologies and knowledge, fostering innovation and advancements across various sectors, thus accelerating national development.
(v) Enhanced Global Standing: Strengthening interdependence elevates Nigeria’s global positioning, providing the nation with increased influence in international affairs, bolstered diplomatic relations, and amplified participation in global decision-making forums, reinforcing its role as a significant actor on the global stage.
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